For authors
Author guidelines
Last updated
Before you submit
- Check that the manuscript fits the aims and scope of the journal you have chosen.
- Confirm that the work is original and not under consideration elsewhere.
- Follow the reporting guideline for your design: CONSORT for trials, STROBE for observational studies, PRISMA for systematic reviews, CARE for case reports and ARRIVE for animal research.
- Obtain ethics approval and consent where required, and the agreement of every author.
Manuscript files
- Cover letter
- Why the work matters to the journal's readers, confirmation that it is original, and any preprint.
- Title page
- Title, authors, affiliations, corresponding author, word count and declarations, as a separate file so review stays anonymous.
- Manuscript
- The anonymized main text in Word (.docx) or LaTeX, double-spaced, with line and page numbers.
- Figures
- Separate files in TIFF, EPS or PNG at 300 dpi or more, with legends in the manuscript.
- Supplementary files
- Additional data, code or appendices, each cited in the text.
Structure of a research article
Research articles follow the IMRaD structure, in this order:
- A title of no more than 25 words.
- A structured abstract of up to 250 words (Background, Methods, Results, Conclusions) with four to six keywords.
- Introduction.
- Materials and Methods, in enough detail for the work to be repeated.
- Results, with tables and figures cited in numerical order.
- Discussion, including the limitations of the study.
- Conclusion.
- Declarations and references.
Article types and lengths
Word counts exclude the abstract, tables, figure legends and references. Not every journal accepts every type: check the author page of your journal.
| Article type | Length | Abstract | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Original Research | 3,000–6,000 words | Structured, up to 250 words | Up to 60 |
| Review Article | 4,000–8,000 words | Unstructured, up to 250 words | Up to 120 |
| Systematic Review | 4,000–7,000 words | Structured, up to 300 words | Up to 100 |
| Case Report | 1,500–2,500 words | Structured, up to 200 words | Up to 25 |
| Short Communication | Up to 2,500 words | Structured, up to 200 words | Up to 30 |
| Perspective | 1,500–3,000 words | Unstructured, up to 150 words | Up to 40 |
| Editorial | Up to 1,500 words | Not required | Up to 15 |
References
Use the Vancouver style. Number references in the order they are first cited, with numerals in square brackets such as [1] or [2–4]. List up to six authors before “et al.”, abbreviate journal titles as in the NLM Catalog, and include a DOI where one exists.
Example
Declarations
Every research article ends with the following statements, even when the answer is “none” or “not applicable”:
- Ethics approval and consent to participate, naming the committee and reference number.
- Consent for publication, for case reports and identifiable images.
- Funding, with funder names and grant numbers.
- Conflict of interest for every author.
- Data availability: where and how the data can be accessed.
- Author contributions, using author initials.
- Any use of AI tools, as described in our publication ethics.
Read the publication ethics policy for the standards behind these statements.
After acceptance
Accepted manuscripts are copyedited and typeset. The corresponding author receives proofs and returns any corrections within 48 hours; only typographical and factual errors can be changed at this stage. The article is then published online with its DOI in the current issue, and the article processing charge is invoiced.
Ready to submit? Go to submit a manuscript.