Articles

Background. Hypertensive heart disease (HHD) is a common and preventable consequence of long-standing hypertension, yet comparative data from Southeast Asia remain scarce. This study compared the determinants, clinical patterns, and treatment of HHD at two tertiary centers in Indonesia and Malaysia. Methods. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional comparative study of 600 adults with HHD (300 per site) managed at tertiary hospitals in Makassar, Indonesia, and Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia, between January 2022 and December 2023. Demographic, clinical, echocardiographic, and prescribing data were extracted from medical records, and determinants of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) were assessed with multivariable logistic regression. Results. Mean age was 58.4 ± 10.7 years and 52.3% of patients were male. LVH was present in 72.0%, diastolic dysfunction in 48.7%, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in 28.5%. Diabetes mellitus (36.8%) and dyslipidemia (41.2%) were more frequent in Makassar and were independent determinants of LVH (p < 0.05). Use of renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors was higher in Kuala Terengganu than in Makassar (68.7% vs 52.3%, p < 0.001), whereas calcium channel blockers were prescribed more often in Makassar. Conclusions. HHD at both sites carried a high burden of LVH and diastolic dysfunction, with diabetes and dyslipidemia as key modifiable determinants. The lower use of RAS inhibitors in Makassar indicates a treatment gap that could be narrowed through better formulary access and guideline-based prescribing.

Background. Screen use begins early in infancy in many urban settings, but prospective evidence linking toddler screen time to language development in Southeast Asia is limited. Methods. We recruited 642 children at their 12-month well-child visit in six government health clinics in Kuala Lumpur and followed them to 24 months. Screen time was measured with 3-day caregiver time-use diaries at 12 and 18 months. Expressive vocabulary at 24 months was assessed with validated Malay, Mandarin and Tamil adaptations of the MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventories, and late talking was defined as fewer than 50 words or no word combinations. Associations were estimated with modified Poisson and linear regression adjusted for child, family and home language factors. Results. A total of 568 children (88.5%) completed the 24-month assessment. Median screen time at 18 months was 1.6 hours per day (IQR 0.8–2.7), and 208 children (36.6%) used screens for 2 hours or more daily. Late talking occurred in 25.0% of children with 2 hours or more of daily screen time compared with 9.8% of those with less than 1 hour (adjusted risk ratio 2.18, 95% CI 1.29–3.67). Each additional hour per day was associated with a 17-word smaller vocabulary (95% CI 10–24). The association was weaker when caregivers usually co-viewed (p for interaction = 0.038). Conclusions. Higher screen time at 18 months was associated with poorer expressive language at 24 months. Anticipatory guidance during well-child visits should address both the amount of screen use and caregiver engagement during viewing.